Wednesday, July 22, 2009

Pseudo Economy......DR ANIL P JOSHI

Globe presently moving toward recession and there is apparently no nation that has been able to prevent this economic jolt. Added to this, other factors that have further discouraged early recovery are unpredictable climate, global warming, food scarcity etc. This has to be largely realized to every one of us that source of such disaster lies somewhere in our inapt policies. This is high time to review certain issues globally. Every nation and every village should now have a responsibility to think and redecide their economic policy. The question that now being thrown whether we should talk of development or sustainability of society. The past focus of society on development has largely caused economical and ecological imbalances. Darwin theory of survival is more important in present context as depleting fundamental resources once again have challenged question of our survival.

We are presently living in an era of pseudo- economy. Global domestic production is simply measured by its growth in front of infrastructure, industrialization, education etc. Growths of fundamental resources forest, water, food, soil merely have any significant role in such GDP. The economic growth was more focused on secondary and tertiary sectors. What was produced in such economic growth was not for survival but for luxury. Development was defined on roads, infrastructure, cars, industry etc. We all time deliberately forgot that such development can only offers handful of people luxury and not fundamental needs for all. Such needs as only come from forest, food, water, soil etc. the results of lopsided economic development approach have led to social and natural disasters. Any economic development approach that cannot sustain itself in view of growing demands production and recycling abilities will collapse. Industrial production face recession as consumers has ceased buying mainly because of its shifted resorted priority. The example of recent slump in the market is mainly because of inability of common person to buy a car, AC or others, simply because of cost of other essential items have shot up which forms fundamental needs. Unabated industrial growth on non food products had more market in rural India or for common urban. This group of people have always been coaxed to buy mobile and motorcycle which they have been managing a through their meager savings. Increased cost of fundamental needs i.e. food and allied material discouraged common buyers to go for others luxury items. Since industrialists have now common men their buyers the inabilities of latter have chased economy flow. This has been observed that upto 50-60 % of total income of middle men has gone into food items and other fundamental needs. Any economy which ultimately caters our luxury and can merely collapse because of falling consumption and cannot be recycled is Pseudo- economy. The true economic processes must be learnt from the age old rural economy. There was striking balance between production and consumption and all economic intricacies were within community. Any surplus income was shared with other communities for their respective products and services.

True economy must first focus on primary production of forest, water, food and soil conservation. This forms the true capital of any state. The surplus of the state should be shared with others for state needs. There has been just opposite in recent past. We have been competing for industrialization of non farm products which are largely service items or to say luxury. There has been saturation in present economic scenario from consumer’s points of view. Had there been emphasis on farm or farm based industry and development/ conservation of resource, the cost of fundamental needs would have been marginal. Thus the saving of the middle man would have given him more and more opportunities for other facilities.

There are few examples that need to be quoted here. None of us would have thought of water being sold at battles. This is roughly a business of 1000 crores today. The drinking water which is a fundamental resource is commercialized today. The billions of bottled water lying in shops definitely prevent a natural process to happen. Ultimately the sufferer is common men who is a buyer also and have to pay higher cost of a resource where his rights exist. The same water would have irrigated millions of tonnes of food. This resource was poorly managed both for its quality and quantity. This ultimately has led to resource scarcity. Better quality of resource would not have encouraged commercialization of this resources. The days are not far when other fundamental needs will be sold, considered to be essential for life and are free. This is greed of couple of human and unscrupulous approach that has thrown all of us in bizzare. Since it is a matter of our survival, should we allow this to happen and not resist it? We are definitely shirking from this fact.

Unfortunately we have not created any mechanism to measure status of our resources periodically. We have not also given growth rule of these resources in our development plan or Gross development production. Our lopsided economic development strategy has suddenly brought us at a dilemma. We should realize that there can be a control on curse of industrialization but we cannot escape from nature’s tyranny and expression of the same can be seen since recent past. This is high time to create strategy to measure gain/ loss of fundamental resources the ultimate lifelines. This would also help in deciding future industry, development policy too.
An unequal economical development has been sole cause of today imbalances. Most of the economic (Pseudo) activities were concentrated in urban where there was governance. Education, politics, secondary production technology and science revolved around these centers. Since these factors decide growth, unabated economic, political proliferation occurred here. Whereas immediate resource needs of economic were catered by country side community. Surplus earning triggered market for other luxury products from industries. Since the buyers of these products were limited in town and cities only, industries begun to hunt market in rural India too and trapped Rural common. Mobile and motor cycle are two important example. In the name of rural connectivity and facility, these two industrial products were also promoted. This set out flow of money from rural India to urban.

It is not denied that rural community don’t need these assets. These can be placed as needs but not necessity. Unfortunately market forces and imposed advertisements have attracted specially youths, for such products. A small village town has been marketing mobile sim cards upto 1-2 lakhs monthly. Do we really need mobile connectivity on the other hand? The forest which constitute essential environment of any village has been rapidly vanishing could not drawn serious attention of planners. This resource that helps over all delivery of water air soil is depleting, threatening human existence but there is no powerful advocacy to conserve/develop this resource. We in run of development forgot many important resources that are our fundamental needs. Our priorities have changed from needs to luxury.

Lust for luxury basically begun from urbanized culture. Every physical efforts was mechanized and energy for the same was exploited from nature. Unabated exploitation of resource continues since longtime and no serious assessment was done to review depleting resources. Forest water and soil have been mainstay of our life. Their constant declinations have been observed and factors for the same were also well known, but largely neglected in lust of gaining industrial products.

Science & Technology has also been bias. It was invented within three directions more. To exploit resources to meet human greed has been its focus and secondly, industrial products to cater services for human luxury and away from decentralized rural resources utility. Because of the above factors all economic activities were focused in urban areas and therefore political and social too. This bias technology development fluxed out human and natural resources from villages and ultimately there became void in rural India. Villages suffered further setbacks in its development while over crowding cities demanded more and more job within limited scope. Both rural and urban world is passing through a quiet turmoil.

We are presently suffering from pseudo economic phase. We should immediately focus on development of true economic reserves. Such capital can only ensure us of bright future with ecological sound economy. A prudent approach will bring a balance between nature and human activities, rural and urban and between need and necessity.




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Forestry for Common.............................

Dr . Anil P Joshi...........................................

Forest since early time has been source of life in the planet. Most of human needs were inconsistently metout by forest. It is the fact that human culture has originated from forest. It is the forest that learnt human the resource management for sustained productivity and consumption. Forest largely decided in community, division of labour too. The different classes of community thus were named/ identified after different trade that was based on forest resources. And thus ultimately community began to build itself for meticulous use of resources.
This is true globally and also in India, rural areas govern the major resources. Since it was the only mainstay of life, a deep cultural relationship existed between forest and human. Down in the line this relationship developed into system and then ultimately a law. While encouraging development strategies, such issues were largely side lined. Our focus was more on development of infrastructure, real estate business, and roads construction.
Economy was more inclined to secondary production process and primary production i.e. forest and agriculture were placed as less important in the run of economic gains. The fundamental resources i.e. forest water and agriculture unfortunately were denied attention in recent past. The picture is clear now. We have reached a state of life support resource threat. Ecological imbalances that we witness today is mainly because of our shift from strengthening fundamental resources to industry to meet our lust.

Age old relationship of human forest is merely seen existing today. No cobblers, carpenters, blacksmith bamboo workers e.t.c. are happily married with their forest resources today. The resources is obvious, their market was replaced with products made in urban India as the latter is equipped with mechanize services for mass and quality production.
Primary producer are considered attended merely as a labour and their produce shifted to urban rich for secondary production. This ultimately lead to economic imbalanced as secondary producer gains more than primary. The forest dwellers become ultimately consumers of their own produce as largest chunk of urban products are sold in rural India.

Present economic flow and production scenario demands review of our policy of development. Since forest are major resources, present conservation initiative can not yield any result, the past experience witness it. We will have to revive age old human –forest relationship which was based on controlled harvesting with intact conservation measures. Most of the human dependence on forest resources have almost been smashed after two major development i.e. forest act and new market strategy.
There are couples of issue that need to be addressed in the light of reviving human dependence on forest and ultimately pro- forest community attitude. Let us first analyze the status of our forest in and around villages. In last 5-10 decades, forest scenario has rapidly changed. Forest in community proximity have converted in to scrubs or land of weedy plants. With changing environment, many plants species have disappeared and as well others have established. Status of such species has to be worked out. We will have to review status of new generation of different species. Their social ecological and economical values will have to be ascertained in present context. Broad social analysis reveals that forest biomass can be classified as below.


Classification On the basis of utility
Over exploited Extremely used in the plant
Under utilized Biomass in lack of knowledge under utilized
Un utilized Biomass not utilized
Invading Plants or weeds Plants not used but invading in nature

All above categories of plants need to be subjected to review from community point of use. Their utility especially for energy and as well other livelihood option need to the defined. Local livelihood options will not lead to overall development unlike commercial forestry. It is important to realize that local resource utility infuse sense of responsibility for conservation as compared to others. Need of consistent availability of resource bind local community to become responsible towards conservation aspects too.
We will have to rethink on commercial forestry which indeed has so far been major thrust on our forestry researches. Has it been able to impart socio-ecological conservation and whether trust of commoner has been won? We are disappointed in the front. Unless forestry is redefined for common we can neither ensure community participation in our forestry programme nor community forestry conservation initiative will get a place. In the interest of forestry for common issues like, promising partners in community, method of their involvement and deliverables will have to be addressed?

We will have to re-devise strategy to bring back old stakeholders in forestry use which has almost ceased today. Here the reference is of forest dependent communities i.e.
artisan, vaidya. Their importance in present context cannot be ignored as rural market still witness presence of products traditionally made by them. These products are now unfortunately imported from urban areas. There are two reasons of this state, urban products complete in quality and better technology and mechanization made then cheaper too. Rural artisan in lack of right knowledge and equipments, produce incompetent products. New S & T and better infrastructure would have enabled them to compete any other products.
We will have to develop mechanism to empower community to use Bio-resources in and around them. Three factors will largely decide fate of the forestry for common. Resource availability, technology services and market structure will set broadly course of action. An action plan to effect above approaches will decide the future.

Lack of knowledge is major impediment in rural growth. Technology is tool of knowledge to make use of resources. Rural technology development has been most of the time neglected issue as it is not paying as well not glorifying. It could not draw technologists and scientists in rural development sector. It has therefore been the major reason of technology gaps in rural areas. Some of the attempts in recent past has been encouraging. Technology applications in utilization of local resources have empowered community ecologically and economically. Three factors decide the feasibility of any technology for rural areas. The low cost of the technology is necessary so that affordability factor does not come as limitation. Similarly feasibility of technology and its match with local skill are important factors. Sometime un-matching technology fails to work in village, simply because of poor skill. Since post installation services of technologies are not available in rural India, many technology interventions were not possible. The above limitations can be overcome simply by initiating approach of technology socialization. We will have to involve above factors while developing technology.
Market of local produce is the most important factor. This has to be understood in a different mode. Survey conducted by HESCO (Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organization) revealed that rural India is flooded with the product made in urban areas. It further revealed that about 50-70% of them can be locally made as resources are abundantly available here. Knowledge and infrastructure in rural India can bestow local community to grab this market.

An integrated approach to utilize local resources for local market through available/invented technologies has to be exercised. A simple mechanism will have to be developed which can offer an opportunity for scientist to develop pro-community technology. Knowledge transfer mechanism to user and consumers will have to be developed. Forestry institutes will have to increase their ambit of work focusing on forestry for commons. A perfect mechanism to involve institute/community and voluntary organization can play an important role of facilitator.
Technology available with institutes should be transferred to the community in first phase through social organization. There must also be a provision where institute also get feed back of technology intervened as well new area of technology development identified by community.
Forestry and its benefit have not yet been taken by local community and it is one reason why forests are indifferent commodity for common rural. Forestry for common is high time need of the Nation. Local community can only conserves forest, especially when most of our past efforts have turned into fiasco.


Awards of Dr Anil P Joshi


I. Jawahar Lal Nehru Award by the Indian Science Congress in 1999.
II. Social Science Award for 2001 from Shri Ram Washshran Devi Bhatia Memorial Charitable Trust.
III. Declared Man of the Year 2002 by the popular magazine “The Week”.
IV. Awarded the Sat Paul Mittal Award for 2004.
V. Dr. T.N. Khoshoo Memorial Award in Conservation for 2005 for his contribution to social upliftment.
VI. Padma Shree Award in 2006
VII. Jamnalal Bajaj Award in 2006.
VIII. Honored as one of the Silvers of the Year 2007 achievers named By Harmony Magazine.
IX. Real Heroes Award, CNN IBN and Reliance
X. National Award for Women Development through Science and technology: year 2008

Positions
I. Member in Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education, Society.
II. Center Soil and Water Training Research Institute, member.
III. Expert member:- Indo Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology .
IV. Expert member : Biotechnology Promotion Committee Programme.
V. Expert in Department of Science and Technology.
VI. Fellow National Academy of Science.
VII. Member of Indian Society for Forester.
VIII. Fellow of Indian Botanical Society.

Tuesday, July 21, 2009

WORK OF DR. ANIL P. JOSHI




Dr. Anil Prakash Joshi has devoted himself to resource-based rural development for the last 29 years. As a teacher, he guided 19 Ph.D. students and motivated many more to work in the hill villages to use science and technology to solve the basic needs of the mountain community. An Ashoka Fellow, he has authored over 80 research papers and 10 books dealing with sustainable development of the Himalayas through various means. He has also been publishing other important scientific magazines to popularize science in the villages. The major publications are TIME (Technology Intervention for Mountain Ecosystem) and Rural Tech, which have a distribution of 5000 villages and institutes.


He quit his comfortable job as a Reader in the Government P.G. College, and plunged himself whole-heartedly into research and development work for the village people of the Himalayas. He formed a voluntary organization entitled Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conversation Organization (HESCO), and concentrated on need-based science and technology developments, and their application for the mountain regions. He began this work on a small scale by taking up initiatives that had immediate application possibilities in the rural areas through the support of agencies such as the Department of Science and Technology, and the Department of Bio-technology.



His total task involved in promoting local economy through local means. His strong belief is utilizing local recourses can only bring sustained economic development in rural India as former is governed by community. Thus development of local resources, upgraded wisdom, and local markets have been his focal approach. These efforts were designed to bring about a decentralized economy, and have shown tremendous results.

About Five lakhs villagers from ten thousand villages in the nine mountain states of the Himalayas have direct and indirect benefits from his initiative. His major contribution has been to bring back neglected watermills of 5,000 villages with new version by upgrading the traditional system. Economic and social changes of the villages after mills revival have brought revolution in many states like J&K, HP and Uttarakhand

Water mill ElectrificationNew applications of mill for several local resource utility have given a new ray of hope to neglected water millers. He organized millers from state to National level to gear their voice. Internationally, water millers proposed to organize to advocate decentralized power generation for local economy.

He mobilized thousands of villages to tap their local resources such as agriculture, horticulture, and medicinal and fiber plants to generate income and support a paradigm for a thriving local economy. Now most of the rural development departments of the mountain states have followed this protocol, and decentralized economies are slowly taking hold and economic independence is setting the place in rural Himalaya.

Women preparing sweet balls as offeringAgriculture being a major resource, Dr. Joshi also promoted the same in the mountain villages, where traditional crops have been revamped. This approach is restoring the ecological importance of the indigenous crops, according to the Climate and Nutritional needs of the villages. His efforts to initiate value addition in local agri-produce has been fetching high return. He motivated the shrine-committees of Badrinath, Gangotri, and Vaishno Devi Temples, as well as some Muslim Shrines, to allow offerings which are made from the local crops and resources. This was to generate local employment in these economically-deprived regions from local produce. The annual turnover of these villages involved in offering for shrines is estimated to be Rs. Ten Lakh to Forty lakhs. There is a silent movement on offering as an employment spreading in all agro-climatic zones of the country. The ministry of Science and Technology has taken up this as a major programme now.

Another program popularly knows as TIP (Technology Initiative for Peace) was instituted by Dr. Joshi which enlisted the assistance of the Indian Army and security forces. This program has been instrumental in bringing revolution in the villages of the border areas. It brought Dr. Joshi’s watermill technology and electrified many villages throughout Jammu, Kashmir, and the LOC. In tandem with his program to maximize the use of the local resources in the regions of Kargil, Kupwara, Baramullah, Jammu, and Army Bioresource centre for Stress area Kashmir, Dr. Joshi introduced the brand name of “Kargil” for locally-produced products. A similar intervention was also carried out in the northeast Arunanchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur state, and a local-brand of their products has been established. These efforts have brought employment in local communities, and have had the positive effect of diverting the local youth away from anti-social activities. The other forces like Border security forces, Indo Tibbetian Border Police, Social Security Board, and Central Reserve Police Force have also begun similar experiment in their respective border areas under the guidance of Dr. Joshi. This has become a popular initiative as it has brought peace in remote border areas where otherwise unrest prevails because of constant negligence of community.

Treatment of catchments through botanical cum mechanical for recharging of springs Dr. Joshi’s recent intervention in recharging mountain springs has caught enormous attention of the mountain community and policy makers in these states. Using isotope-hydrology as a tool, with the help of Bhabha Atomic Research Center, he has successfully recharged seventeen springs which were turning dry experiment on another 120 springs of 3 states is under program. The results of this experiment are already affecting a major thrust of many government development agencies who are addressing the scarcity of water in rural mountain areas.



School children from rural development Another innovative and exciting programme introduced by Dr. Joshi involved school children and teachers from local renowned schools. He motivated them to serve villages for development using both local resources and technology. The basic idea behind this program was to inculcate in children an affinity towards rural villages and to create new opportunities for development for deprived villages. The positive benefits of this project thus far have resulted “adopt a village” concept being shared with 70 additional schools across the country.


WISE Shopping Complex He has also initiated WISE (Women’s Initiative for Self-Employment), a social platform for women to generate employment and marketing opportunities, as well as to address other economy-related issues. More than five thousand women from all over the mountains are members of WISE, which has strengthened the relationship between women, their community’s resources, and technology.

Dr. Joshi has also promoted a forest-fire prevention measure in mountain villages. The removal of forest litter which exaggerates spread of wild fires was locally utilized. This litter is used for composting and other energy purposes. The villagers remove the litter before onset of peak summer for above uses. Compartmental removal present fire incidence as well as does not harm forest growth.

Another important contribution of Dr. Joshi’s includes disaster-management through providing employment relief to the victims of natural disasters. This was rendered by promoting earthquake-resistant types of housing and as well immediate employment relief based on local resources. Thousand of villagers were benefited with it at the time of 1992 and 1999 Himalayan earthquake.


In 1979, Dr. Joshi addressed the menacing problem of soil erosion and landslides in the Himalayan Mountains with Biological methods. The simple botanical cum mechanical method has been applied to stabilize the slopes. More than hundred slides along the major hill roads were controlled by his initiative. These experiments became so successful that the Border Roads organization subsequently adopted the technology throughout the mountain region.

Dr. Joshi also promoted to schedule caste community. During their visit in Himalayas, an idea came up in his mind to develop a model village for schedule caste community through their local resources in three states Uttarakhand, Himanchal and J&K. About 10 numbers of villages all across Jammu Kashmir, Himanchal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are involved in the task.


Swiss training to Himalayas Folk Primary philosophy underlying Dr. Joshi’s approach to rural village development is the concept of a community-to-community knowledge transfer. He is committed to inspire a continuing “development chain” in which a village receiving the benefits of development will in turn pass on that knowledge to another village in need of assistance. This mode of technology-transfers is popular by name Shridan (community initiative to community) practice. It has popular acceptance in Indian mountain villages. This has recently been adopted internationally too. The Swiss community has initiated a programme called CIC (community initiative to community) from Alpine to Himalaya. The community of Engadin valley organized support for technology transfer to Swiss alpine to himalaya. Rural women from Indian mountain were trained by Swiss community on Bakery, Cheese, and Bee Keeping etc. Similar initiative is brewing in New Zealand where south alpine community is organizing training for Himalayan farmers on agriculture issues. The whole technology transfer program is organized, sponsored and imparted by communities. The trained community further share it with others.
He has undertaken Padyatra to raise the issues on community right and empowerment. Padyatras from Gangotri to Delhi, Uttarakhand to Himachal Pradesh and Manari to Maletha were conducted to raise water issues under Water Movement. Considering the agriculture as a mainstay and farmer most important individual of the nation, he recently organized cycle yatra from J&K to Uttarakhand and from Kanyakumari to Uttarakhand (5000 Km). His latest endeavor has been to demand a fix percentage of land under agriculture to ensure the food security. He has been working on one window service to the marginal farmers. This would include loan, seeds, plant protection services and market outlet. This has been established in Uttarakhand as a ‘KISAN BANK’ a paradigm for others to follow. This has largely reduced farm inputs and as well a dignity of farmers is secured, which latter feel is threatened.



Children’s News PaperDr. Joshi has also published a children’s newspaper entitled “Bachcho Ka Akhbar” to bring awareness to village-children about science and their local natural resources. This paper is distributed in 1500 villages of the mountain areas.

Positions
I. Member in Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education, Society.
II. Center Soil and Water Training Research Institute, member.
III. Expert member:- Indo Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology .
IV. Expert member : Biotechnology Promotion Committee Programme.
V. Expert in Department of Science and Technology.
VI. Fellow National Academy of Science.
VII. Member of Indian Society for Forester.
VIII. Fellow of Indian Botanical Society.